Unit #1 through Unit #4 and Essays Please acceptged_210_unit__1__unit_1_essay.docxged_210_unit__2__unit_2_essay.docxged_210_unit__3__unit_3_essay.docxged_210_unit__4__unit_4_essay.docxGED 210 Unit #1 & Unit #1 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Which of the following would not be considered a specialization within the discipline of
physical anthropology?
a. human anatomy
b. paleopathology
c. primatology
d. phonology
2. The material products of former societies are known as:
a. artifacts.
b. fossils.
c. legacies.
d. antiquaries.
3. Anthropologist, Spencer Wells, is the director of the genoraphic project which is:
a. making significant contributions to the philosophy of archaeology.
b. conducting ethnographic fieldwork among the Vanomamö Indians of Venezuela.
c. helping to illuminate the migrations of humans throughout the world.
d. using computer technology to do cross-cultural comparisons.
4. Kelley Hays-Gilpin, a southwestern U.S. Archaeologist, studied:
a. Brazil.
b. gender approaches to the archaeological record.
c. tropical rainforests.
d. East Africa.
5. The people known as classical archaeologists conduct research on:
a. ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome.
b. the evolution of prehistoric stone tools.
c. societies of the more recent past.
d. ancestors of contemporary Native Americans.
6. Research on artifacts found in the remains of slave quarters at an 18th century tobacco
plantation in Virginia would be an example of:
a. historical archaeology.
b. forensic anthropology.
c. applied anthropology.
d. classical archaeology.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
7. One of the most important tool types invented by homo erectus was the:
a. Mousterian hammerstone.
b. Clovis projectile point.
c. Neolithic grinding stone.
d. Acheulian hand axe.
8. The stone tool industry associated with Neanderthal populations was called the:
a. Oldowan complex.
b. Mousterian tradition.
c. Acheulian technology.
d. Chopper tool system.
e. Composite tool tradition.
9. The climate characteristic of environments occupied by Neanderthals was:
a. hot.
b. warm.
c. temperate.
d. cold.
10. Fossil and archaeological evidence suggests that the first hominids to practice intentional
burial of their dead were:
a. modern upper Paleolithic homo sapiens.
b. Homo erectus.
c. neanderthals.
d. Homo habilis.
11. The remains of four individuals, one of whom appears to have been surrounded by a bed of
flowers, represent the first evidence of intentional burial. They were found at an archaeological
site in:
a. England.
b. Mexico.
c. China.
d. Iraq.
12. Evidence suggesting that there were religious beliefs among Neanderthals includes:
a. cave paintings of supernatural beings.
b. small chambers in the far recesses of caves that contained “religious objects,”
primarily clay figures of gods and goddesses.
c. stone-lined rectangular pits containing dozens of cave bear skulls.
d. burial sites.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
13. The earliest traces of material culture are:
a. fossil teeth of the species australopithecus.
b. words like “ma” to indicate mother.
c. simple stone tools, like choppers and scrapers.
d. forms of social organization among different primates.
14. Which of the following would not be considered a form of material culture?
a. igloos
b. cufflinks
c. lullabies
d. forks
15. The term “ideology” refers to:
a. signs and symbols used to communicate particular ideas.
b. beliefs and values supporting the interests of a group.
c. specific expressions of material culture.
d. a faulty or misguided world view.
16. One example of an ideology would be:
a. Capitalism.
b. Egyptian hieroglyphs.
c. Navajo sand paintings.
d. the Big Bang theory.
17. __________ may occur when one dominant group in a complex society imposes its cultural
beliefs on subordinate ethnic groups. For example, the dominant ethnic group in the U.S.
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (the white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants) was able
to impose its language, cultural beliefs, and practices on other minority groups in U.S. society.
a. Cultural hegemony
b. Cultural chaos
c. Multiculturalism
d. Ethnic superiority
18. Norms are:
a. prohibitions against a particular kind of behavior.
b. values that are accepted by every human society.
c. a given society’s rules for right and wrong behavior.
d. individuals who look like the majority of people.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
19. In her classic work Patterns of Culture (1934), Ruth Benedict used the terms “apollonian” and
“dionysian” to describe:
a. cultural “personalities” of pueblo and plains Indians.
b. religious cults of northern and southern Greece.
c. rituals of warfare and celebration in the South Pacific.
d. contrasting models of cultural diffusion.
20. Margaret Mead got most of her information on the behavior of adolescents in Samoa from:
a. accounts of travelers and missionaries.
b. newspaper accounts and government reports.
c. watching ethnographic films.
d. interviewing young women.
21. The central object of Mead’s study, Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), was to determine whether
or not:
a. kinship patterns in Samoa could be attributed to diffusion from China.
b. the events of World War II had an effect on traditional family structure in Samoa.
c. the transition from adolescence into adulthood was stressful in all societies.
d. maturation rates of Samoan teenagers were directly related to race and heredity.
22. After spending nine months in Samoa and working with individuals in three different villages,
Margaret Mead concluded that:
a. Samoan society differed little from that of the U.S. in the 1920s.
b. many key elements of Samoan culture had diffused from Thailand.
c. Franz Boas’ theories of cultural relativism had serious flaws.
d. becoming an adult was less stressful in Samoa than in the U.S.
23. One of the principal criticisms of the culture-and-personality school is that:
a. there is no evidence for a biological link between culture and personality.
b. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society.
c. the investigation of personality should be done by psychologists, not anthropologists.
d. individual behavior is more important than the behavior of a whole society.
24. Functionalist anthropologists have suggested that incest taboos originated in order to:
a. encourage alliances and cooperation between descent groups.
b. avoid the serious consequences of genetic interbreeding.
c. strengthen the role of patrilineal descent groups.
d. regulate and limit sexual behavior within small communities.
25. Research on the “childhood familiarity hypothesis” supports the notion that:
a. unrelated children raised together make good marriage partners.
b. children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions.
c. children living in close association with one another develop mutual sexual aversion.
d. unrelated adolescents who live together are likely to become erotically involved.
Unit 1 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit One
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
1. Discuss the overlap of the disciplines of anthropology and history. What can the various
subdisciplines of anthropology contribute to our understanding of history?
2. Describe the specific changes in chipped stone tools that characterized the evolution of
technology from the Oldowan to the Acheulian, Mousterian, and Upper Paleolithic periods.
3. Define Freud’s concepts of the id, ego, and superego. Do you agree with his ideas about
unconscious human thought? Why or why not?
You Can Do
GED 210 Unit #2 & Unit #2 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. One goal of anthropological linguistics is to determine the number of phonemes (phonetic
structure) that exist in different languages. This goal is accomplished by employing the use of:
a. minimal pairs
b. phone taps
c. maximal differences
d. syntax units
2. The word “lower” contains:
a. two bound morphemes
b. two bound phonemes
c. two free morphemes
d. one bound morpheme and one free morpheme
3. The words “boy” and “girl” are:
a. bound phonemes
b. bound morphemes
c. free morphemes
d. bound phones
4. An example of a bound morpheme in English is:
a. the phrase “boys will be boys”
b. the word “boys”
c. the word “boy”
d. the “s” in the word “boys”
5. How many morphemes are there in the English word “antidisestablishmentarianism”?
a. 1
b. 6
c. 28
d. 0
6. The goal of ethnosemantics is to understand:
a. that reality is inherently unorganized and can be perceived in any way; thus, color
naming, plant classification, and time categories are completely arbitrary
b. the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences and how members of other societies use
language to organize things, events, and behaviors
c. that languages and behavior are the same
d. that classification systems in all societies are random
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
7. Linguistic anthropologists find that people who are forced to abandon their native language and
culture:
a. begin to lose their self-esteem
b. all speak English
c. are better off socially and economically
d. easily regain both in 100 years
8. The concept of ____________ maintains that societal change occurs when societies borrow
cultural traits from one another.
a. functionalism
b. structuralism
c. evolutionary dispersal
d. diffusionism
9. The body of anthropological theory concerned with the spread of technology, religion, economic
systems, art forms, and other expressions of culture is known as:
a. idealism
b. particularism
c. functionalism
d. diffusionism
10. Grafton Eliot Smith and William Perry, major figures associated with the school of British
diffusionism in the early 20th century, proposed that:
a. each culture has a key personality type
b. a culture can only be interpreted in the context of its own historical development
c. culture’s principal function is establishing institutions to guide behavior
d. all aspects of civilization are derived from the culture of ancient Egypt
11. In order for diffusionism to work as envisioned by the British and German schools, adherents
had to assume or maintain all of the following ideas except:
a. some peoples were not sufficiently innovative to develop their own cultural traits
b. inherent inferiority of different non-western peoples was assumed
c. cultural traits that were diffused were part of the technological dimension of the society
d. cultural traits in the same geographical region would inevitably spread from one society
to another
12. One of boas’ principal criticisms of nineteenth century anthropologists was that:
a. they failed to make use of archaeological evidence for pre-literate societies
b. their theories were based on “armchair anthropology” and not their own fieldwork
c. there was too much cultural relativism in their interpretations
d. they failed to assign adequate importance to biological effects on culture
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
13. According to Franz Boas, in order to conduct a historical particularist study of a society, one
must adopt the notion of ___________, or the belief that each society should be understood in
terms of its own cultural practices and values.
a. particular evolution
b. cultural relativism
c. lagged diffusionism
d. functionalism
14. During your lifetime you will probably be a member of two families, the family of orientation
(the family into which you were born and enculturated) and the family of __________
(the family in which you will have or adopt children).
a. acculturation
b. deculturation
c. procreation
d. life
15. Which of the following is not a function of the family?
a. nurture and enculturation of children
b. regulation of sexual activity
c. protection and support for members
d. regulation of statuses, roles, and gender
16. A typical ____________ family consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring
or adopted children.
a. basic
b. atomic
c. extended
d. nuclear
17. Marriage within the same social group or category is __________, while __________ is
marriage between people from different social categories or groups.
a. incest; outcest
b. endogamy; exogamy
c. in-marriage; out-marriage
d. monogamy; polygamy
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
18. From a female perspective, you will be a daughter and possibly a mother and wife. As such,
you assume what are called __________ roles that correspond to these different status
positions.
a. family
b. social
c. gender
d. temporary
19. The relationship between age and status is an anthropologically interesting subject. Which of
the following statements concerning age and status is correct?
a. Since age is biologically determined, the statuses attached to each age category are the
same in every culture around the world.
b. The elderly occupy a high level of status in all societies.
c. Anthropologists doing cross-cultural research have found that age does not influence
status; statuses are either ascribed at birth or earned during one’s lifetime, and they do
not change even if one ages.
d. Anthropologists have found that age stratification varies in accordance with the level of
technological development; the elderly have relatively high status in many preindustrial
societies, but experience a loss of status in most industrial societies.
20. “Fission” and “fusion” in hunting and gathering societies refer to:
a. hazards of contacts with the industrialized world
b. cyclical change in population density relative to resources
c. decision-making processes used by tribal leaders
d. the dynamics of wild plant resources
21. Hunting and gathering societies will sometimes resort to infanticide in order to:
a. engage in more frequent intercourse
b. supplement scarce hunting resources
c. reduce the effects of anticipated food shortages
d. make sacrifices to tribal gods
22. Which of the following would not have the effect of lowering fertility?
a. marriage at an older age
b. weaning babies at an older age
c. practicing infanticide
d. an earlier onset of menarche
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
23. The most likely reason why hunter-gatherer technology is limited to simple tools made of stone,
wood, and bone is because foraging peoples:
a. lack the basic intelligence necessary to make anything more complex
b. are too busy looking for food to spend time on more advanced tools
c. have not acquired knowledge of more sophisticated technologies
d. substitute profound knowledge of their environment for complex tools
24. The principal technology used for obtaining plant foods by tropical foragers is the:
a. boomerang
b. blowgun and darts
c. polished stone axe
d. digging stick
25. The _________ produced the most extensive material culture found among hunting and
gathering societies.
a. Kung San
b. Eskimo
c. Shoshone
d. Mbuti
Unit 2 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit Two
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
1. Compare and contrast the perspectives of the neo-evolutionists, cultural ecologists, cultural
materialists, and Marxists. Are these theoretical views similar in any manner, or are they
mutually exclusive and contradictory in nature?
2. How does enculturation influence male and female gender roles? Is there a universal division of
labor based on sex? Are gender roles static entities within each society? Are gender roles
changing in the United States?
3. How are the elderly treated in foraging societies? Is there any variation, or are the old
considered to be useless entities that cannot hunt or gather? How are the elderly treated in the
society you grew up in?
GED 210 Unit #3 & Unit #3 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothersin-law
is that:
a. her family should not have to return the bride price
b. the rights of the deceased husband must be preserved
c. all men should have more than one wife
d. widows should never have to live alone
2. The most common form of polyandry is ________, in which brothers share a wife.
a. risk taking
b. sibling polyandry
c. fraternal polyandry
d. levirate
3. When a married couple goes to live in the house of the brother of the husband’s mother, the
post-marital residence pattern is referred to as:
a. avunculocal
b. matrilocal
c. patrilocal
d. fratrilocal
4. In most tribal societies, rules of descent, marriage, and residence are:
a. flexible and often subject to lengthy discussion and negotiations
b. strictly enforced and rarely changed
c. known only to village elders, who are consulted whenever a decision must be made
d. unconscious, and therefore defined mostly by outsiders (such as ethnographers)
5. In general, divorces are most common among societies that are:
a. patrilineal and patrilocal
b. matrilineal and matrilocal
c. organized into bilateral descent groups
d. polyandrous and avunculocal
Unit 3 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
6. Deborah Gewertz, who has re-examined Mead’s interpretations of the Tchambuli (Chambri),
arrived at the conclusion that:
a. Chambri women are among the most aggressive in all human societies
b. Mead’s interpretations failed to take specific historical circumstances into account
c. Chambri men were submissive due to frequent defeats in warfare
d. cultural values do not influence gender roles
7. The Kula, described by Malinowski in Argonauts of the Pacific, refers to:
a. a type of outrigger canoe used for long-distance travel by island chiefs
b. a ceremonial dance performed by the indigenous Hawaiians
c. a ritual in which red shell necklaces were traded for white armbands
d. a sacred beverage whose use was restricted to Tahitian chiefs
8. The Kula is an example of what type of exchange?
a. redistribution
b. balanced reciprocity
c. hypergamy
d. market exchange
9. The term “barter” is used to refer to:
a. the agreement on a certain price for a specified product
b. a system of unbalanced reciprocity in which goods of unequal value are exchanged
c. the direct exchange of one commodity for another
d. the redistribution of goods in a marketplace
10. The potlatch feasts of the northwest coast societies are usually interpreted as a form of:
a. long-distance barter
b. resource conservation
c. ritualized warfare
d. redistributional exchange
11. Which of the following might be interpreted as a modern example of the potlatch?
a. A local politician gives away hundreds of frozen turkeys at a campaign rally.
b. A special interest group pays the salary and expenses of a lobbyist.
c. A former president makes speeches in favor of his party’s new candidate.
d. Delegates at a national convention trade buttons and other campaign memorabilia.
Unit 3 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
12. A major difference between redistributional and reciprocal economies is that:
a. reciprocal economies are more common in societies with inequalities in social status
b. redistributional economies tend to make certain individuals wealthier than others
c. reciprocal economies always involve the exchange of a recognized form of currency
d. only redistributional economies involve transfers of goods among related villagers
13. From a cross-cultural study, Jack Goody learned that bridewealth occurs more frequently in
horticultural societies, whereas the dowry system is most frequently found in agricultural
states. He further hypothesized that one function of the dowry system was to:
a. consolidate property in the hands of elite groups, thus increasing their wealth and
status
b. spread wealth out over a larger area so that everyone in the society had about the same
level of affluence
c. counteract the practice of bridewealth, non-adaptive in an agricultural state, because it
allowed certain families to accumulate too much wealth by selling their daughters to the
highest bidder
d. create an egalitarian society
14. Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage patterns found in agricultural states,
the primary form of marriage for all but the elite was:
a. polygyny
b. polyandry
c. polygamy
d. monogamy
15. Monogamy is the primary form of marriage in most agricultural states. The probable reason this
pattern is so prevalent is:
a. most agricultural states have laws against polygamous marriages of any kind because
they disrupt the normal flow of the agricultural cycle
b. in agricultural societies, where land is a scarce commodity, peasants cannot afford the
luxury of polygyny
c. polygyny is impossible because there are fewer women than men in agricultural states
d. most peasants can only afford to accumulate enough wealth for one dowry
16. Divorce was rare in agricultural states because of a number of factors. Which of the following
is not one of the factors discussed in the text?
a. Both the corporate character of the extended family and the necessity for cooperative
labor among family members usually lead to normative constraints against divorce.
b. Marriage was the most important way that land was transferred, and marriages were the
basis of alliances between families and kin groups.
c. In some societies, marriage became a sacred institution and there were laws against
divorce.
d. Divorce was not allowed in many, if not all, agricultural states because of the emotional
disruption it caused to the family members, often making them unfit for agricultural
labor.
Unit 3 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
17. In many agricultural states, women were restricted to domestic activities while men were
permitted to engage in public (outside) endeavors. Women were often not allowed to own
property, engage in politics, or pursue educational goals. These restrictions were reflected in a
number of cultural practices such as:
a. purdah and foot binding
b. caste system
c. idiographic mediation
d. dowry and bridewealth
18. Social inequality is exemplified in the __________ of India. These social units are endogamous
groupings into which a person is born and dies.
a. purdah system
b. shogun scheme
c. caste system
d. slavery system
19. Capitalist societies share three basic ideals. Which of the following is NOT one of these ideals?
a. The elements of production are privately owned.
b. Companies are free to maximize profits and accumulate wealth.
c. Land and resources should be owned and controlled by the state government, while
production and services are in the hands of free enterprise.
d. Free competition and consumer independence are basic to all economic activities.
20. Anthropologists have found that kinship in industrial states:
a. often becomes solidified and molded into large descent groups called oligoclans
b. becomes much more important and clearly defined than in preindustrial societies
c. becomes less important as new structures and organizations replace and begin to
perform many of the functions associated with kinship in preindustrial societies
d. tends to remain about the same as is found in chiefdom societies
21. With industrialization, the functions of the family changed, and one of the major
transformations was the:
a. increase in the frequency of polyandrous marriages, especially those involving
brothers
b. decrease in the mobility of members of the family since they were all tied to industrial
production
c. increase in matrilocal residence and a reduction in patrilocal residence
d. diminishing importance of the extended family and the emergence of the nuclear family
Unit 3 Examination
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
22. As nuclear families replace extended families in industrial societies, older people no
longer reside with their adult children. The role of the elderly in retaining and disseminating
information has diminished in industrial societies. The elderly have lost much of their
economic power. Sociologist Donald O. Cowgill has hypothesized that:
a. The status and role of the elderly in the future will increase because the birthrate has
dropped to an all-time low.
b. There will be an elderly revolution, termed the “silver-haired rebellion,” which will place
much of the lost power and status back into the hands of the older segment of society.
c. As the rate of technological change accelerates, knowledge quickly becomes obsolete, and
this decreases the status and role of the elderly (they are no longer the storage houses of
technological knowledge; libraries and databanks have taken over this role).
d. In the future, there will be a major reorganization of kinship and the family, which will restore
power to the elderly.
23. Chiefdoms and agricultural states are classified as __________ because they provide little
opportunity for social mobility. Industrial states, on the other hand, are considered
___________ because social status can be achieved through individual effort.
a. oppressive; free
b. hierarchical; egalitarian
c. closed societies; open societies
d. caste cultures; kindred cultures
24. The House of Lords in Great Britain differs from the House of Commons because membership
in the house of lords is:
a. based on intellect
b. inherited through families
c. limited to those individuals who have already served in the house of commons
d. based on religious affiliation and achieved status
25. The primary mode of social mobility in Japanese society is:
a. education
b. luck
c. inheritance
d. what is called burakumin and eta
Unit 3 Examination
130
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit Three
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
1. What is the relationship between post-marital residence rules and the form of descent found
within a society? How did patrilocal and matrilocal residence patterns arise? What is the
possible relationship between warfare and residence rules?
2. Compare and contrast the theories presented by Elman Service and Timothy Earle on the
evolution of chiefdoms. What are the key points on which Earle differs? Given your
understanding of chiefdoms, which theory do you prefer and why?
3. Compare and contrast the nature of divorce in agricultural states, chiefdoms, tribes, and forager
societies. Do you see any parallels, or is divorce simply a cultural facet that does not relate to
the rest of society?
GED 210 Unit #4 & Unit #4 Essay Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothersin-law
is that:
a. her family should not have to return the bride price
b. the rights of the deceased husband must be preserved
c. all men should have more than one wife
d. widows should never have to live alone
2. The most common form of polyandry is ________, in which brothers share a wife.
a. risk taking
b. sibling polyandry
c. fraternal polyandry
d. levirate
3. When a married couple goes to live in the house of the brother of the husband’s mother, the
post-marital residence pattern is referred to as:
a. avunculocal
b. matrilocal
c. patrilocal
d. fratrilocal
4. In most tribal societies, rules of descent, marriage, and residence are:
a. flexible and often subject to lengthy discussion and negotiations
b. strictly enforced and rarely changed
c. known only to village elders, who are consulted whenever a decision must be made
d. unconscious, and therefore defined mostly by outsiders (such as ethnographers)
5. In general, divorces are most common among societies that are:
a. patrilineal and patrilocal
b. matrilineal and matrilocal
c. organized into bilateral descent groups
d. polyandrous and avunculocal
Unit 3 Examination
126
GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
6. Deborah Gewertz, who has re-examined Mead’s interpretations of the Tchambuli (Chambri),
arrived at the conclusion that:
a. Chambri women are among the most aggressive in all human societies
b. Mead’s interpretations failed to take specific historical circumstances into account
c. Chambri men were submissive due to frequent defeats in warfare
d. cultural values do not influence gender roles
7. The Kula, described by Malinowski in Argonauts of the Pacific, refers to:
a. a type of outrigger canoe used for long-distance travel by island chiefs
b. a ceremonial dance performed by the indigenous Hawaiians
c. a ritual in which red shell necklaces were traded for white armbands
d. a sacred beverage whose use was restricted to Tahitian chiefs
8. The Kula is an example of what type of exchange?
a. redistribution
b. balanced reciprocity
c. hypergamy
d. market exchange
9. The term “barter” is used to refer to:
a. the agreement on a certain price for a specified product
b. a system of unbalanced reciprocity in which goods of unequal value are exchanged
c. the direct exchange of one commodity for another
d. the redistribution of goods in a marketplace
10. The potlatch feasts of the northwest coast societies are usually interpreted as a form of:
a. long-distance barter
b. resource conservation
c. ritualized warfare
d. redistributional exchange
11. Which of the following might be interpreted as a modern example of the potlatch?
a. A local politician gives away hundreds of frozen turkeys at a campaign rally.
b. A special interest group pays the salary and expenses of a lobbyist.
c. A former president makes speeches in favor of his party’s new candidate.
d. Delegates at a national convention trade buttons and other campaign memorabilia.
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12. A major difference between redistributional and reciprocal economies is that:
a. reciprocal economies are more common in societies with inequalities in social status
b. redistributional economies tend to make certain individuals wealthier than others
c. reciprocal economies always involve the exchange of a recognized form of currency
d. only redistributional economies involve transfers of goods among related villagers
13. From a cross-cultural study, Jack Goody learned that bridewealth occurs more frequently in
horticultural societies, whereas the dowry system is most frequently found in agricultural
states. He further hypothesized that one function of the dowry system was to:
a. consolidate property in the hands of elite groups, thus increasing their wealth and
status
b. spread wealth out over a larger area so that everyone in the society had about the same
level of affluence
c. counteract the practice of bridewealth, non-adaptive in an agricultural state, because it
allowed certain families to accumulate too much wealth by selling their daughters to the
highest bidder
d. create an egalitarian society
14. Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage patterns found in agricultural states,
the primary form of marriage for all but the elite was:
a. polygyny
b. polyandry
c. polygamy
d. monogamy
15. Monogamy is the primary form of marriage in most agricultural states. The probable reason this
pattern is so prevalent is:
a. most agricultural states have laws against polygamous marriages of any kind because
they disrupt the normal flow of the agricultural cycle
b. in agricultural societies, where land is a scarce commodity, peasants cannot afford the
luxury of polygyny
c. polygyny is impossible because there are fewer women than men in agricultural states
d. most peasants can only afford to accumulate enough wealth for one dowry
16. Divorce was rare in agricultural states because of a number of factors. Which of the following
is not one of the factors discussed in the text?
a. Both the corporate character of the extended family and the necessity for cooperative
labor among family members usually lead to normative constraints against divorce.
b. Marriage was the most important way that land was transferred, and marriages were the
basis of alliances between families and kin groups.
c. In some societies, marriage became a sacred institution and there were laws against
divorce.
d. Divorce was not allowed in many, if not all, agricultural states because of the emotional
disruption it caused to the family members, often making them unfit for agricultural
labor.
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
17. In many agricultural states, women were restricted to domestic activities while men were
permitted to engage in public (outside) endeavors. Women were often not allowed to own
property, engage in politics, or pursue educational goals. These restrictions were reflected in a
number of cultural practices such as:
a. purdah and foot binding
b. caste system
c. idiographic mediation
d. dowry and bridewealth
18. Social inequality is exemplified in the __________ of India. These social units are endogamous
groupings into which a person is born and dies.
a. purdah system
b. shogun scheme
c. caste system
d. slavery system
19. Capitalist societies share three basic ideals. Which of the following is NOT one of these ideals?
a. The elements of production are privately owned.
b. Companies are free to maximize profits and accumulate wealth.
c. Land and resources should be owned and controlled by the state government, while
production and services are in the hands of free enterprise.
d. Free competition and consumer independence are basic to all economic activities.
20. Anthropologists have found that kinship in industrial states:
a. often becomes solidified and molded into large descent groups called oligoclans
b. becomes much more important and clearly defined than in preindustrial societies
c. becomes less important as new structures and organizations replace and begin to
perform many of the functions associated with kinship in preindustrial societies
d. tends to remain about the same as is found in chiefdom societies
21. With industrialization, the functions of the family changed, and one of the major
transformations was the:
a. increase in the frequency of polyandrous marriages, especially those involving
brothers
b. decrease in the mobility of members of the family since they were all tied to industrial
production
c. increase in matrilocal residence and a reduction in patrilocal residence
d. diminishing importance of the extended family and the emergence of the nuclear family
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
22. As nuclear families replace extended families in industrial societies, older people no
longer reside with their adult children. The role of the elderly in retaining and disseminating
information has diminished in industrial societies. The elderly have lost much of their
economic power. Sociologist Donald O. Cowgill has hypothesized that:
a. The status and role of the elderly in the future will increase because the birthrate has
dropped to an all-time low.
b. There will be an elderly revolution, termed the “silver-haired rebellion,” which will place
much of the lost power and status back into the hands of the older segment of society.
c. As the rate of technological change accelerates, knowledge quickly becomes obsolete, and
this decreases the status and role of the elderly (they are no longer the storage houses of
technological knowledge; libraries and databanks have taken over this role).
d. In the future, there will be a major reorganization of kinship and the family, which will restore
power to the elderly.
23. Chiefdoms and agricultural states are classified as __________ because they provide little
opportunity for social mobility. Industrial states, on the other hand, are considered
___________ because social status can be achieved through individual effort.
a. oppressive; free
b. hierarchical; egalitarian
c. closed societies; open societies
d. caste cultures; kindred cultures
24. The House of Lords in Great Britain differs from the House of Commons because membership
in the house of lords is:
a. based on intellect
b. inherited through families
c. limited to those individuals who have already served in the house of commons
d. based on religious affiliation and achieved status
25. The primary mode of social mobility in Japanese society is:
a. education
b. luck
c. inheritance
d. what is called burakumin and eta
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GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Writing Assignment for Unit Three
• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a
standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.
Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to writing assignments. However,
students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit writing
assignments
that fall in the following ranges:
Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages.
Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages.
Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.
Plagiarism
All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply
cut
and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to
refer to
the course syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.
Please answer ONE of the following:
• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page
of your writing assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).
• Begin each writing assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by
the actual question itself (in bold type).
• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e., an introduction, middle
paragraphs and conclusion).
1. What is the relationship between post-marital residence rules and the form of descent found
within a society? How did patrilocal and matrilocal residence patterns arise? What is the
possible relationship between warfare and residence rules?
2. Compare and contrast the theories presented by Elman Service and Timothy Earle on the
evolution of chiefdoms. What are the key points on which Earle differs? Given your
understanding of chiefdoms, which theory do you prefer and why?
3. Compare and contrast the nature of divorce in agricultural states, chiefdoms, tribes, and forager
societies. Do you see any parallels, or is divorce simply a cultural facet that does not relate to
the rest of society?
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